High-speed interconnects for printed circuit boards

ABSTRACT

High-speed interconnects for printed circuit boards and methods for forming the high-speed interconnects are described. A high-speed interconnect may comprise a region of a conductive film having a reduced surface roughness and one or more regions that have been treated for improved bonding with an adjacent insulating layer. Regions of reduced roughness may be used to carry high data rate signals within PCBs. Regions treated for bonding may include a roughened surface, adhesion-promoting chemical treatment, and/or material deposited to improve wettability of the surface and/or adhesion to a cured insulator.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser.No. 62/092,765, titled “High-Speed Interconnects for Printed CircuitBoards,” filed Dec. 16, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to forming high-speed interconnects for printedcircuit boards. In some embodiments, the interconnects can support datarates greater than 50 Gb/s on PCBs.

BACKGROUND

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are widely used in the electronicsindustry for the manufacture of electronic assemblies. PCBs may beassembled from stacks of dielectric layers (sometimes called “prepreg”layers prior to assembly) and/or laminates or cores. A laminate or coremay include at least one planar electrically insulating layer andconductive foils or films on one or both surfaces of the insulatinglayer. Some of the conductive films may be patterned, using lithographictechniques, to form conductive interconnects that are used to makeelectrical connections within circuits formed on the PCB.

The dielectric layers, conductive films (patterned or unpatterned), andlaminates may be formed into a multi-layer, integral “board” structureby pressing together a stack of layers and curing the prepreg layers. Insome cases, there may be 10 or more interconnect levels in a multi-layerPCB. When fully assembled, the circuits may include a variety of circuitelements soldered to or otherwise attached to the PCB. The circuitelements may include, e.g., resistors, capacitors, inductors,transistors, fuses, integrated circuits (ICs) or chips, trim pots,electro-acoustic devices, microelectromechanical devices (MEMs),electro-optical devices, microprocessing chips, memory chips, multi-pinconnectors, and various types of sensors, etc. Some of the conductivefilms may be left substantially intact and may act as ground or power“reference planes.”

PCBs are routinely used in consumer electronics as well as customapplications. For example, PCBs may be used in smart phones to connectand enable data communication between processing electronics, signaltransmitting and receiving electronics, and a display. PCBs may be usedin laptops and personal computers for similar purposes. PCBs may be usedin signal routers and data communication equipment. In suchapplications, large amounts of data and/or high-speed signals may betransmitted through interconnects of a PCB. Common insulating materialsused in the manufacture of PCB dielectric layers supportnon-return-to-zero (NRZ) data transmission rates up to about 30 Gb/s.Because attenuation and speed of propagation of a signal along a tracedepends on characteristics of the material surrounding that trace, moreexpensive, state-of-the art, high-performance insulating materials maybe used to increase the transmission rates to nearly double that.

SUMMARY

The inventors have conceived of new approaches for forming high-speedconductive interconnects on PCBs that can allow higher data transmissionrates through a PCB than would be supported on a PCB having a samedielectric layer structure and made by conventional PCB manufacturingprocesses. The inventive approaches described herein may be embodied,for example, as a printed circuit board, a method of forming a printedcircuit board, a laminate for making a printed circuit board or a highspeed electronic assembly.

According to some embodiments, a printed circuit board may comprise afirst insulating layer, a second insulating layer, and at least oneconductive interconnect. The conductive interconnect may include a firstsurface adjacent to the first insulating layer and a second surfaceopposite the first surface and adjacent to the second insulating layer.At least a first region of the first surface exhibits greater adhesionto the first insulating layer than a second region of the first surface.The first region may exhibit greater adhesion as a result of a bondingtreatment selectively applied in that region. In some aspects, the firstregion may have a surface roughness, measured in any suitable manner,that is greater than a surface roughness, measured in a correspondingmanner, of the second region. In some aspects, the first region mayinclude a chemical adhesion promoter that is not present in the secondregion. In some aspects, the first region may include one or morematerials formed over the conductive interconnect that improvemechanical and/or chemical adhesion of the first region to a resincomponent of the first insulating layer.

In some embodiments, a printed circuit board comprises an insulatinglayer, a plurality of interconnects formed from a rolled metallic film,such as a rolled annealed film, that are adjacent to the insulatinglayer, and reinforcing filling material located within the insulatinglayer that stiffens the printed circuit board. Reinforcing fillersalternatively or additionally may control the thickness of theinsulating layer, such that more reinforcing fillers results in athicker layer.

Also described is a laminate for manufacture of a printed circuitstructure. The laminate may comprise an insulating layer, a rolledconductive film bonded to the insulating layer, and reinforcing fillingmaterial within the insulating layer.

According to some embodiments, a high-speed circuit for electronicdevices may comprise a printed circuit board having conductive elementsformed from a conductive film at a first level of the printed circuitboard, a first insulating layer adjacent to first surfaces of theconductive elements, a second insulating layer adjacent to secondsurfaces of the conductive elements and opposite the first surfaces, andfirst treated surface regions distributed across the first surfaces ofthe conductive elements. The first treated surface regions may exhibitincreased adhesion to the first insulating layer compared to untreatedregions of the first surfaces.

Methods for making high-speed interconnects for printed circuit boardapplications are also described. According to some embodiments, a methodof making a printed circuit board may comprise patterning, in aconductive film on a laminate, a plurality of conductive interconnectshaving a plurality of first surfaces, wherein the conductive film has anaverage peak-to-peak surface roughness less than 2 microns over the areaof a conductive interconnect. A method may further include treating atleast first portions of the first surfaces to increase adhesion of thefirst portions to an insulating layer of the printed circuit board. Insome aspects, the treating may comprise roughening the surface of theconductive film at the first portions. In some aspects, the treating maycomprise adding a chemical adhesion promoter to the surface of theconductive film at the first portions. In some aspects, the treating maycomprise adding one or more materials to the surface of the conductivefilm at the first portions that improves mechanical or chemical adhesionof the first portions to a resin component of the insulating layer.

The foregoing is a non-limiting summary of the invention, which isdefined by the appended claims. Other aspects, embodiments, and featuresof the present teachings can be more fully understood from the followingdescription in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The skilled artisan will understand that the figures, described herein,are for illustration purposes only. It is to be understood that in someinstances various aspects of the invention may be shown exaggerated orenlarged to facilitate an understanding of the invention. In thedrawings, like reference characters generally refer to like features,functionally similar and/or structurally similar elements throughout thevarious figures. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasisinstead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the teachings.The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the presentteachings in any way.

FIG. 1A depicts, in plan view, a portion of a patterned conductive filmof a printed circuit board, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 1B depicts, in elevation view, layers of a multilayer PCB prior tobonding, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 1C depicts bonded layers of a multilayer PCB, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 2 depicts a section of a multilayer PCB incorporating high-speedinterconnects, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 3A through FIG. 3D depict various embodiments of high-speedinterconnects;

FIG. 4A is a scanning-electron micrograph of a surface of anelectrodeposited copper film that may be used in a PCB, according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 4B is a scanning-electron micrograph of a surface of a rolledcopper film that may be used to form high-speed interconnects in PCBs,according to some embodiments;

FIG. 4C represents a surface-roughness profile measured from anelectrodeposited copper film, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 4D represents a surface-roughness profile measured from a rolledconductive film that may be used to form high-speed interconnects,according to some embodiments;

FIG. 4E depicts grain structures of copper foil;

FIG. 4F depicts grain structures of rolled copper foil;

FIG. 5A through FIG. 5E depict structures associated with a method forforming high-speed interconnects on a PCB, according to just oneembodiment;

FIG. 6A depicts an interconnect of a PCB having regions treated with achemical adhesion promoter;

FIG. 6B depicts an interconnect of a PCB treated with at least one layerof material than improves wettability of the interconnect for an uncuredform of an adjacent insulating layer;

FIG. 6C depicts a bonding treatment for a region of a conductive film toimprove adhesion between multiple layers of a PCB; and

FIG. 7 depicts, in elevation view, a portion of an assembled PCB,according to one example.

The features and advantages of the present invention will become moreapparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken inconjunction with the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Recognizing a need for printed circuit boards that can supporthigh-speed data rates, the inventors have conceived of high-speedconductive interconnects and methods for forming the interconnects onPCBs. The inventors recognized that some conductive films and films thathave been subjected to conventional surface treatments to improvebonding of the conductive films have appreciable surface roughness thatconventionally extends across all patterned interconnects and otherfeatures on a PCB. The inventors postulated that this roughness, at highdata rates, can contribute undesirable scattering losses, and impedesignal transmission. Accordingly, the inventors have developed processesto form high-speed PCB interconnects that have smooth surface regions onat least portions of the interconnects (such as circuit traces or groundplanes adjacent traces), for improved signal transmission, andbonding-treated regions at pads and/or other features that improveadhesion to an insulating layer of the PCB. The inventors found thatsignal loss in dB through the high-speed interconnects can be reduced,in some embodiments, by as much as 20% as compared to a same PCBstructure in which the interconnects included roughened surfaces on allsides. For example, a trace with 30 dB of attenuation made withconventional techniques with a 20% improvement may exhibit only 24 dB ofloss, yielding a 4 times improvement in power transmission. Theinventors also found that the high-speed interconnects could alsosupport NRZ data rates above 40 Gb/s and up to 60 Gb/s for a PCBstructure that would conventionally support NRZ data rates up to 30Gb/s. In some cases, the high-speed interconnects support NRZ data ratesgreater than 60 Gb/s for a PCB structure that would conventionallysupport NRZ data rates up to 30 Gb/s.

Approaches for manufacturing printed circuit boards as described hereinmay be used to provide higher performance with relatively low-costconventional materials or even higher performance when used withhigh-performance insulating materials. One approach comprises forming aPCB using a conductive film (in which conductive interconnects will bepatterned) that has been smoothed on at least one side. For example, thefilm may be a smooth electrodeposited conductive film, a rolledconductive film, and optionally annealed, to produce smoothed surfaces.The film may comprise copper or any other suitable conductive material.In some embodiments, a conductive film may be polished (e.g., viachemical-mechanical polishing) to smooth a surface of the film. Portionsof the film may be selectively treated for bonding to an insulatingmaterial that is used to form a PCB. A bonding treatment may entail,according to some embodiments, increasing the surface roughness of thetreated portion of the film. In some implementations, a bondingtreatment may entail chemically treating a surface of the conductivefilm with a chemical adhesion promoter that is compatible with a resinused to form a PCB. In some embodiments, a bonding treatment may entaildepositing one or more thin films on the conductive film that adhere tothe conductive film and to provide increased adhesion to a resin used toform a PCB. A bonding treatment may be used for one or both sides of aconductive film. The treatment may occur before and/or after patterningthe film to create traces and other conductive structures within thePCB. In some embodiments, the smoothing and/or bonding treatment may beperformed only on the film used to form traces for high speed signals oron the resulting traces, themselves. However, in other embodiments, thesmoothing and/or bonding treatment may be performed on all conductivefilms or structures patterned from those films.

In some embodiments, one side of the film may be treated for bondingwith an insulating material and the other side may be left in a smoothedstate. The film may be bonded at its treated surface to insulatingmaterial, forming a laminate. The other surface may be subsequentlytreated for bonding as part of the laminate. The subsequent bondingtreatment may be performed before or after the film is patterned tocreate conductive structures. For example, after patterninginterconnects in the film, portions of the interconnects may be shieldedfrom a subsequent bonding treatment that increases adhesion of theexposed surface of the film to an adjacent insulating layer. Theinventors have found that smoothed surfaces on one side of interconnectscan reduce signal loss and improve data transmission rates significantlyin a fully-assembled PCB.

FIG. 1A depicts, in plan view, a core or laminate 100 of a printedcircuit board that has been patterned to form conductive interconnectscomprising electrical traces 120 (typically formed as lines of uniformwidth) and pads 130. The view in FIG. 1A corresponds to a lower surfaceof the laminate 100 in FIG. 1B. The pads are here shown as annularrings. This depiction represents “vias” that may be formed betweenlayers of the printed circuit board. The vias may be formed bymechanically or laser drilling through all or a portion of the printedcircuit board or any other suitable technique and plating the interiorof the resulting hole with a conducting material. The insulating layermay have any suitable dimensions, such as a thickness that is less than100 microns in some embodiments or less than 200 microns in otherembodiments. When multiple laminates are stacked up to form a printedcircuit board, pads attached to conductive interconnects on differentlayers that are to be electrically connected are aligned. A hole drilledthrough the board that passes through the aligned pads may be platedwith metal, forming a conductive path between the interconnects ondifferent layers of the printed circuit board. Accordingly, in thisexample, the pads are formed from pads attached to traces, as may beused in known processes for forming vias in printed circuit boards.

The interconnects may be formed on an electrically insulating ordielectric layer 105. In some cases, there may be pads 150 not connectedto signal traces or ground planes 140 included in an interconnect level.The interconnects and other conductive features may be patterned from aconductive film of the laminate 100 using techniques known in the art(e.g., photolithography and etching). The conductive film may compriseany suitable conductive material (e.g., copper, aluminum, nickel, gold,silver, palladium, tin), and is typically deposited on or bonded to thedielectric layer 105. The interconnects may be used to route signalswithin an interconnect level, to route signals to other levels of anassembled PCB, to provide connections to one or more circuit elementsthat may be soldered to the board, and/or to connect to a power orground reference.

As an example of patterning interconnects from a conductive film of aPCB, a positive (or negative) photoresist may be coated on theconductive film to form a layer of photoresist covering the conductivefilm. The layer of photoresist may be exposed to optical radiationthrough a contact mask containing a desired pattern (or inverse pattern)of traces 120, pads 130, pads 150, etc. For a positive resist, a maskpattern may appear as shown in FIG. 1A, for example. During opticalexposure of the photoresist through the mask, regions of the resist thatare not shielded by the pattern on the mask receive a dose of opticalradiation. Alternatively or additionally, photoresist may be selectivelyexposed to optical radiation using a laser guided across the photoresistlayer. The photoresist may then be developed and portions dissolvedaway, using a suitable resist developer, to reveal the desired pattern(or inverse). The removal of portions of the photoresist may exposeregions of the conductive film, though the desired interconnects andfeatures are protected by the remaining photoresist. The exposedconductive film may then be etched away using a suitable etchant oretching process. The remaining, un-etched areas of the conductive filmyield the desired pattern of interconnects and features. Any remainingresist may be removed by a solvent or other known means.

Other techniques for pattering printed circuits may be used, and theabove technique is just one example. In other embodiments,printed-circuit features (traces, pads, etc.) may be patterned inpositive photoresist. After development of the resist, theprinted-circuit elements may be plated, electrodeposited, or depositedin any suitable manner in the patterned resist. The resist, and anyextraneous conductive material, may then be stripped from the laminate.

To form a multi-layer PCB 180 (depicted in FIG. 1C), additionaldielectric layers and laminates may be bonded to the first laminate 100,as indicated in FIG. 1B. For example, an intervening layer 102comprising a resin and/or uncured or partially cured insulating layer109 (sometimes referred to as a “prepreg”) may be bonded to a firstsurface of the laminate 100 and a surface of a second laminate 103, asdepicted in the drawing. The second laminate 103, with an insulatinglayer 107 and conductive films 111 and 113, may be bonded to the firstlaminate 100 during a same bonding step.

After bonding, conductive vias 160 may be formed to connect two or moreinterconnect levels, as depicted in FIG. 1C. For example, a via 160 mayconnect a first interconnect level 112 to a second interconnect level111. FIG. 1C shows vias passing only partially through the printedcircuit board. It should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, viaholes may be drilled entirely through the printed circuit board ratherthan part-way through as may occur for blind holes, laser drilled holes,or holes formed between inner levels before outer levels of the PCB areadded. In other embodiments, the holes may be plated along their length,but portions of the plating may be drilled away, leaving a conductivestructure as shown in FIG. 1C that passes only part way through theprinted circuit board. When portions of the plating are drilled away, anon-conductive hole (not shown) will pass through portions of the board.These techniques or any other suitable printed circuit boardmanufacturing techniques may be used.

FIG. 1B illustrates one approach for making a stackup of multiple layersof insulating material and conductive structures that may be pressed andbonded into a printed circuit board in accordance with known PCBmanufacturing techniques. In this example, laminate 100 and laminate 103have conducting structures on opposing surfaces. In some cases, alaminate may have a metal film that is patterned to form signal traces,pads, etc. on one surface, while the other surface has a conductive filmthat is predominately intact, except where vias pass through, to createa ground plane. Prepreg 102 does not contain conductive films, so thatthe resulting multilayer PCB has insulating layers between conductivelayers. The insulating portions, whether of the laminate or prepreg, maybe made of any suitable material, such as epoxy. For high-speed PCBs,the dielectric layers, whether in a laminate or prepreg, may comprisecompositions containing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and/or afluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resin. In some cases, there may bea mix of insulating layers, e.g., PTFE layers and prepreg or resinlayers. Resin layers may comprise an epoxy, polyimide, Kapton, FEP, orliquid crystal polymer (LCP) resin. The insulating material may befilled with reinforcing fibers or other materials that lead to a rigidprinted circuit board when the stackup is pressed together to form aprinted circuit board.

It is known that the metal films may not adhere well to the insulatingmaterials at temperatures and processes normally used during PCBmanufacturing. To improve adhesion, exposed surfaces of interconnectsand other conductive features patterned on an interconnect level may berough. For example, the metal may be formed in a way that results inrough surfaces, such as through electrodeposition or an oxidationtreatment of the metal surface. As a result, a circuit trace 120 mayinclude roughened surfaces adjacent to each insulating layer 105, 109when bonded in the PCB, as depicted schematically in the enlarged viewsof FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C. For example, a first surface 122 of a trace 120that is in contact with a first dielectric layer 105 may have a firstroughness, and a second surface 124 of the trace that is in contact withan adjacent dielectric layer 109 may have a second roughness. The firstand second roughnesses may be approximately the same value, resultingfrom a roughening treatment or formation of the conductive film. As aresult, surface roughness of conductive traces may be approximatelyuniform across the interconnect level 110, across ground planes, and/orlarge regions (e.g., regions greater than 1 cm²) of an interconnectlevel.

The inventors postulated that the roughness of the first surface 122 andthe second surface 124 of conventional traces 120 may increasescattering losses of high-speed signals traversing the signal traces andimpede signal transmissions. Accordingly, the inventors have conceivedof and developed techniques for forming conductive elements of PCBs withregions of reduced surface roughness and regions of improved bonding.According to some embodiments, the “smoothed” regions may be locatedover a majority of the surfaces of circuit traces 120 on an interconnectlevel, so that scattering losses and signal degradation is reduced forhigh-speed signals. The interconnect level may include other regionshaving treated surfaces that improve adhesion to an adjacent dielectriclayer.

In some embodiments, the regions having treated surfaces may bedistributed across an interconnect level. In some cases, the treatedregions may be localized to pads 130. Alternatively or additionally, thetreated surfaces may be selectively created on other features such asreference planes, etc. In some cases, reference planes may participatein the transmission of high-speed signals and may not be treated, ortreated in regions remote from adjacent conductive traces. In accordancewith some embodiments, the treated surface areas may be formed wherethey do not impact signal integrity of high speed signals or where theyare most needed, such as adjacent conductors where high mechanicalstress may be created by mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansionbetween the insulating and conductive materials used to form a printedcircuit board. In some implementations, all surfaces of an interconnectlevel may be treated. According to some implementations, substantialportions of the traces and structures for carrying high speed signalsmay be smooth, but a sufficient amount of treated regions may beprovided to ensure that the resulting printed circuit board has adequatemechanical integrity to resist delamination over a specified number oftemperature cycles, even when subjected to moisture and otherenvironmental conditions that can promote separation of the metalportions from the insulating portions of a printed circuit board.

A surface of a conductive element or film may be treated in differentways to improve bonding to an adjacent insulating layer. According tosome embodiments, a bonding treatment may comprise roughening, orpreserving a roughness of, a surface of the conductor. Roughening asurface of a smooth conductor may be accomplished with etching,oxidation, mechanical abrasion, or a combination thereof. In otherembodiments, a bonding treatment may comprise chemically treating asurface of a conductor (e.g., with a silane-based chemical adhesionpromotor) to increase adhesion between a metal conductor and aninsulating layer such as a prepreg or resin. For example, MEC Flat BONDGT manufactured by Uyemura International Corporation may be used in abonding treatment. In some embodiments, a bonding treatment may compriseadding additional inorganic and/or organic thin films to the surface ofa conductor. The added film or films may provide adequate adhesion tothe conductor, and additionally improve adhesion of the coated surfaceto a prepreg or resin. For example, a tin-oxide or other oxide ornitride coating may be applied to a copper conductor. In accordance withsome embodiments described herein, conductive metal layers for a PCB maybe applied as smooth layers and then treated for improved bonding usingone or more of the above-summarized bonding-treatment techniques. Insome implementations, a conductive metal layer may also be treated forimproved bonding before it is bonded to an insulating layer andpatterned.

Embodiments for a bonding treatment that utilizes surface rougheningwill now be described. A non-limiting example of a high-speedinterconnect is depicted in FIG. 2. The drawing depicts two interconnectlevels 210, 211 of a portion of a PCB. In this example, ground planesare not illustrated for simplicity, but may be present in someembodiments. FIG. 2 depicts separate laminate and prepreg layers thathave been fused into a rigid printed circuit board. The boundariesbetween layers of dielectric material that was fused into the PCBstructure are illustrated by dotted lines. In a physical structure, theboundaries between these layers may not be visible without magnificationor other visual aid. However, in some embodiments, remnants of theboundaries between dielectric layers may remain in the structure interms of discontinuities in measurable material properties.Alternatively or additionally, the boundaries between layers may berecognizable based on the location of conductive structures that were onthe surfaces of individual layers before the stacked-up layers werefused into a printed circuit board. Thus, despite the solid nature ofthe fused laminate and prepreg, the resulting printed circuit board maynonetheless be described as having layers.

On a first interconnect level 210, an interconnect comprising a pad 230and a trace 220 is formed. The pad may include a hole, which may besubsequently drilled through the insulating layers and plated to formconductive vias 160 (not shown in FIG. 2), according to someembodiments. At the pad, a first surface region 222 adjacent a firstdielectric 105 and a second surface region 224 adjacent a seconddielectric may be roughened. These surfaces may have surface-roughnessvalues R₃ and R₄. The trace 220 may include a third surface region 226,which may have a roughness R₁ similar to the first and second surfaceregions. The trace may also include a fourth surface region 228 having aroughness R₂ that is less than the roughness R₁. The fourth surfaceregion 228 may extend across a majority of the trace 220 (e.g., coverbetween 50% and 100% of the trace). In some implementations, there maybe multiple distinct surface regions 228 covering a majority of thetrace 220. In some embodiments, surfaces 222 and 226 may have asurface-roughness value approximately equal to that for surface 228(R₂).

According to some embodiments, a roughness of a surface region maycomprise a peak-to-peak value measured over the surface region. In someimplementations, a roughness of a surface region may comprise an averagepeak-to-peak value measured over the surface region. In someimplementations, a roughness of a surface region may comprise aroot-mean-square value measured over the surface region. In someembodiments, a roughness R₂ of a smoothed surface region may be at least25% less than a roughness R₄ of a roughened region. In some embodiments,a roughness R₂ of a smoothed surface region may be at least 50% lessthan a roughness R₄ of a roughened region. In some implementations, aroughness R₂ of a smoothed surface region may be between approximately0.5 micron and approximately 1 micron (average peak-to-peak deviations),and a corresponding roughness R₄ of a roughened region may be betweenapproximately 2 microns and 3 microns. An average peak-to-peak roughnessmay be determined by taking one or more linear profiles across a region(e.g., profilometer or AFM traces across a region).

FIG. 3A depicts, in plan view, just one embodiment of a high-speedinterconnect 300 that may be formed in a PCB. Although only oneinterconnect is shown in the drawing, there may be tens, hundreds,thousands, or more interconnects formed on a PCB having a similarstructure. The interconnect may be formed from a metallic film (e.g.,smooth electrodeposited copper, rolled copper, rolled annealed copper,rolled aluminum, or rolled annealed aluminum). An interconnect maycomprise one or more traces 320 and one or more connectors or pads 330.These structures may have any suitable lateral dimensions (in adirection perpendicular to the direction in which a trace 320 runs.Example dimensions include between 0.6 mm and 1.0 mm or between 0.25 mmand 1.0 mm at a pad 330 and between 25 and 75 microns or between 100 and300 microns at a trace 320.

According to some embodiments, a first region 326 of a trace 320 maycomprise at least one surface having a roughness R₂ that is less than asecond region 324 of the interconnect 300. The second region 324 may beformed at a pad 330, for example. There may be 1 325 between the firstregion 326 and one or more second regions 324 on an interconnect 300. Insome embodiments the boundaries may be located along a trace at adistance d₁ from a junction between the trace 320 and pad 330. Thedistance d₁ may be any value between 0 mm and 2 mm, according to someembodiments. The regions 324 having a roughened surface may be formed,for example, by an oxidation, mechanical abrasion, plating, or etchingprocess, though any suitable surface treatment may be used to roughenthe surface at these regions. In various embodiments, the smoothedregion 326 of the trace 320 may be protected from the surface treatment(e.g., covered temporarily with a resist or protective layer), so thatits surface is not roughened.

In some implementations, high-speed interconnects formed according tothe present embodiments on a PCB having advanced dielectric materials(such as Megtron 6 and Megtron 7 dielectrics available from PanasonicPCB Materials of Santa Ana, Calif.) are capable of NRZ data transmissionrates above 30 Gb/s. In some embodiments, high-speed interconnectsformed according to the present embodiments on a PCB having otherconventional dielectric materials are capable of NRZ data transmissionrates above 30 Gb/s. In some embodiments, high-speed interconnectsformed according to the present embodiments on a PCB having advanceddielectric materials are capable of NRZ data transmission rates above 40Gb/s. In some embodiments, high-speed interconnects formed according tothe present embodiments on a PCB having advanced dielectric materialsare capable of NRZ data transmission rates up to 60 Gb/s. The signalloss upon transmission over the high-speed interconnects may be lessthan 25 dB over a length of approximately 70 cm.

The arrangement of roughened regions 324 on an interconnect layer (e.g.,interconnect layer 210 referring to FIG. 2) may be distributed in anysuitable manner, and include arrangements other than shown in FIG. 3A.FIG. 3B depicts another embodiment of an interconnect 302 having asmoothed region 326 and roughened regions 324. According to someembodiments the roughened regions 324 may be formed at a portion of apad 330. For example, a boundary 325 may lie or extend a distance d₂within a region of the pad 330. The distance d₂ may be any value between0 mm and 1 mm, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3C depicts yet another embodiment in which roughened regions 324may be distributed along an interconnect 304. In some embodiments, theremay be one or more roughened regions 324 located at an interconnect 304that are distributed over a majority of a first surface of theinterconnect. There may be one or more roughened regions 324 separatingsmoothed regions 326 along a trace 320. Additionally or alternatively,there may be one or more roughened regions 324 separating smoothedregions 326 at a pad 330.

In some embodiments, an interconnect 306 may be patterned in aconductive film as depicted in FIG. 3D. The patterning of theinterconnect 306 may comprise removing (e.g., etching away) a region ofa conductive film around the interconnect. As a result, the interconnect306 is insulated from the surrounding conductive film. According to someembodiments, an extended region 324 of the conductive film around theinterconnect may be roughened. In some embodiments, region 324 may, ormay not, be designed to carry high speed signals. It might, instead, bedesigned as a ground structure or reference plane. The interconnect 306may be protected so that it is not roughened at any portion, andtherefore comprise a first smoothed surface region 326. In someembodiments, an edge region 385 around the interconnect and extendinginto the surrounding conductive film between 0 mm and 2 mm may besmoothed.

According to some embodiments, roughened regions 324 of interconnects orother features on an interconnect level can provide adequate adhesionfor joining multiple layers of a multilayer PCB, and preventingdelamination of the PCB. The smoothed regions can reduce signal loss forsignals traversing the circuit traces.

Examples of roughened and smooth surface regions are depicted in FIG. 4Athrough FIG. 4D. FIG. 4A is a scanning electron micrograph ofelectrodeposited copper that is used in conventional PCB manufacture.The image was taken at a magnification of 5000 times. The SEM shows anexposed surface 402 of the copper and indicates a rough topography. Thismaterial may be used to form conventional interconnects on PCBs. Thepeak-to-peak surface roughness, averaged over 15 scans of the surfacethat were taken with an atomic force microscope, was found to beapproximately 2 microns. The imaged surface is representative ofinterconnect surfaces that are conventionally used when bonding multiplelayers of a PCB.

Similar or rougher surfaces to that shown in FIG. 4A may be obtainedfrom surface treatments comprising oxidation, etching, plating, ormechanical abrasion of the conductive films. For an oxidized film, theaveraged peak-to-peak surface roughness was measured using laserprofilometry, and was found to be approximately 3 microns.

FIG. 4B depicts a scanning electron micrograph of a rolled copper foil(½-oz copper) that the inventors have used to form high-speedinterconnects on PCBs. Such a foil may be formed, for example, byrolling a sheet of copper to a thickness of approximately 0.7 mils(about 18 microns). The image was also obtained at a magnification of5000 times. The examined surface 404 shows a smoother topography(particularly in the direction of rolling) than the surface 402 of theelectrodeposited copper shown in FIG. 4A. The rolled copper surface 404shows some striations (running in the X direction) from the rollingprocess, which are visible in the lower portion of the image. Thepeak-to-peak surface roughness, averaged over 15 scans of the surface inthe Y direction, was found to be approximately 1 micron.

FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D are sample surface-profiles that had been taken ofthe samples imaged in FIG. 4A in FIG. 4B, respectively. The profileswere taken with an atomic force microscope (AFM) over a larger distance(extending more than 200 microns) than imaged in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B.The profile of FIG. 4C indicates a surface roughness (absolutepeak-to-peak deviations) of approximately 2 microns for the singlesample, and an average peak-to-peak roughness of approximately 1 micron.For the rolled copper sample of FIG. 4D, the profile shows a surfaceroughness (absolute peak-to-peak deviations) of just over 1 micron, andan average peak-to-peak roughness of approximately 0.4 micron. However,in FIG. 4D, the surface profile was taken in a direction transverse tothe striations shown in FIG. 4B, a direction of highest surfaceroughness. A smoother profile is expected in a direction parallel to thestriations for the sample depicted in FIG. 4B. Accordingly, inaccordance with some embodiments, the average peak-to-peak surfacevariation of a smooth region may be half, or in some embodiments betweenabout 20% and about 50% of the average peak-to-peak variation of aroughened region. The surface variation of a smooth region, for example,may be about half or less than about half for electrodeposited copper inaccordance with IPC specification 4562. Conversely, the smoothed regionsmay be formed of rolled or rolled annealed copper in accordance with IPCspecification 4562 and the roughened regions may be oxidized to haveaverage peak-to-peak surface variations between two and five times theaverage peak-to-peak surface variations of the rolled or rolled annealedcopper.

FIG. 4E and FIG. 4F illustrate the effect of a rolling process on grainsof a conductive film. FIG. 4E depicts grains 420 of a conductive filmbefore rolling. The grains may be arranged randomly in a tightly packedstructure. The rolling process has been observed to elongate the grainsin the direction of rolling, as depicted in FIG. 4F. The rolling canproduce anisotropic grains 421 arranged in a preferred direction. Thecombination of smoothing the surface of the conductive film andelongating the grains by rolling may reduce loss for the conductiveinterconnects.

Structures associated with processes for forming high-speedinterconnects are illustrated in FIG. 5A through FIG. 5E. According tosome embodiments, a process for forming a high-speed interconnect maycomprise obtaining a laminate 500 comprising a dielectric layer 520 andat least one conductive film 510 formed on the dielectric layer.

The dielectric layer 520 may comprise any suitable material that is usedfor printed circuit boards. In some embodiments, the dielectric layermay comprise a resin-system matrix that may, or may not, include fibrousreinforcing fillers or particulate fillers. Typical resin materialsinclude epoxy, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene ether, cyanate ester,and hydrocarbon and may alternatively or additionally include othermaterials such as PTFE-based dielectric. The dielectric layer may bebetween 50 microns and 1 millimeter thick. In some embodiments, thedielectric layer 520 may comprise a thin layer (e.g., less than about200 microns thick) of unreinforced polyimide, or any similarunreinforced film, which may be used for flexible PCBs. Alternatively,the dielectric layer may have reinforcing fillers, such as glass fibers,such that, when stacked up and pressed, the resulting structure will bea rigid printed circuit board. In some embodiments, the dielectric layerhas a dielectric constant less than 4.0 and a dissipation factor lessthan 0.0035 at applied frequencies between 1 GHz and 12 GHz. In someimplementations, the dielectric layer has a dielectric constant lessthan 3.5 and a dissipation factor less than 0.002 at applied frequenciesbetween 2 GHz and 10 GHz.

The conductive film may comprise a rolled metallic film, according tosome embodiments. For example, the conductive film may comprise rolledcopper or rolled aluminum, though other rolled metallic films may beused. In some embodiments, the conductive film comprises rolled annealedcopper or other rolled annealed metallic film. In some implementations,the conductive film may comprise an alloy including tin and/or zinc, orany other suitable metal.

A process for forming high-speed interconnects may further comprisecovering the conductive film 510 with a layer of photoresist, andpatterning the photoresist 530 in the shape of at least oneinterconnect, as depicted in FIG. 5A. Although only one feature is shownin FIG. 5A, hundreds, thousands, or even more features may be patternedin the photoresist 530 during a same patterning process across thelaminate 500.

Exposed regions 512 of the conductive film 510 may then be subjected toan etching process, for example, a wet etch that removes the exposedregions of the conductive film. The resulting structure may appear asindicated in FIG. 5B. The photoresist 530 protects an underlyingconductive interconnect 550, for example, from the etchant. Thephotoresist may then be stripped from the wafer, resulting in astructure depicted in FIG. 5C.

According to some embodiments, a second patterning process may then becarried out to cover one or more portions of the patterned interconnect550. For example, a second photoresist layer may be applied to thelaminate and patterned to produce the mask 540, as depicted in theelevation view of FIG. 5D and in the plan view of FIG. 5E. However, itshould be appreciated that the mask covering a portion of aninterconnect and exposing selective portions of the interconnect may beformed in any suitable way, including removing a portion of thephotoresist 530. In some implementations, the mask 540 may be formedfrom any suitable protective material (e.g., a suitable polymer used asa solder mask) using other processes, and may not be formed fromphotoresist. For example, a polymer may be sprayed onto the PCB througha stencil mask. In some embodiments, the mask 540 may comprise a soldermask formed over portions of interconnects, and may not be removed aftera bonding treatment of the exposed regions. Alternatively, selectedregions of a layer of protective material may be ablated by a scanninglaser beam to form exposed regions 512. Other patterning processesinclude, but are not limited to, silkscreen printing, direct write, andink-jet printing.

In a bonding-treatment embodiment where etching, plating, deposition,mechanical abrasion, or optical ablation is used to form a roughenedregion, a protective mask 540 may cover a trace portion of theinterconnect. For example, the protective mask 540 may cover a majorityof a region of an interconnect that carries a transmitted signal betweentwo pads 530. The covered region may be a continuous region, or maycomprise discontinuous covered sections. In some embodiments, the mask540 may leave at least a portion of the pads 530 exposed, and may leavea small portion, or portions, of a trace exposed. A subsequentbonding-treatment process may then roughen the surfaces of the exposedregions 515 of the interconnect, but not affect regions of theinterconnect protected by the mask. One example of a bonding treatmentis an Alphaprep® process available from Enthone, Inc. of Trumbull, Conn.This process may convert exposed surfaces of copper to a porous copperoxide. According to some embodiments, an etching process may be selectedthat preferentially etches into grain boundaries of the conductive film.For example, an etchant comprising ethanol or distilled water,hydrochloric acid, and ferric acid may etch preferentially along grainboundaries. Other etchants may be used to increase surface roughness.Subsequently the mask 540 may be stripped from the laminate to yield ahigh-speed interconnect structure as depicted in FIG. 3A, for example.The laminate 500 may subsequently be bonded to a prepreg layer or otherinsulating layer that is adjacent to the patterned and treatedconductive film 510 when forming a stackup for a printed circuit board.The roughened regions 515 can improve adhesion to the prepreg.

When using an optical ablation process to roughen surface regions ofconductive films, a second mask 540 may not be needed. For example, alaser-patterning tool may be used to scan over and draw patterned areason a conductive film 510, as though patterning a photoresist. Exposureby the scanning laser may overheat and roughen the surface of a thinconductive film or may form a pattern of pockmarks from pulsing thelaser to ablate small areas of the conductive film.

Alternatively or additionally, other bonding-treatment techniques may beused to improve adhesion of regions of a conductive film to aninsulating layer, and to reduce the likelihood of delamination of a PCB.According to some embodiments, after a second mask 540, or solder mask,has been formed, exposed conductive surfaces may be immersed in orrinsed with a chemical bath that includes an adhesion promoter thatadheres to the conductive surface and chemically bonds with or adheresto a prepreg material or inslulative layer. After an immersion or rinsein the bath, a resist mask 540 may be removed. As a result, portions ofan interconnect may be coated with an adhesion promoter 610, as depictedin FIG. 6A.

In some implementations, an adhesion promotor may be applied to anentire conductive film (before or after patterning). For example,adhesion promotors that do not appreciably affect signal transmissionthrough smooth conductive traces may be applied everywhere overpatterned features. In such implementations, a second mask 540 may notbe needed.

In some embodiments, a bonding treatment may comprise depositing one ormore materials (e.g., an oxide or nitride) on regions of a smoothconductor, or over an entire conductive film of a laminate (before orafter patenting interconnects and other features in the film). Thedeposited material or materials may improve wettability of the surfacefor a resin or prepreg material. In some embodiments, a depositedmaterial may form a chemical bond with a conductive film of thelaminate. For example, and metal oxide 620 (e.g., zinc oxide or tinoxide) may be deposited over an interconnect, or portions of aninterconnect. The oxide may increase wettability of the resultingsurface, and one or more components of the oxide may bind with copper inthe interconnect (e.g., to form a copper oxide or tertiary oxide). Insome implementations, the deposited material may comprise two or morelayers (e.g., a first metal layer that bonds with the conductiveinterconnect and a subsequently deposited oxide layer). The resultingstructure may appear as indicated in FIG. 6B.

If materials to improve wettability are deposited before pattering aconductive film, a subsequent lithography process may be carried out toremove at least the oxide from pads 530. The subsequent lithographyprocess may comprise forming a second mask 540 and performing a liquidetch to remove any oxide from exposed regions not protected by the mask540.

FIG. 6C depicts an additional embodiment of bonding treatment that maybe used instead of or in addition to other bonding treatments describedherein. In the foregoing examples, the conductive structures that weremade smoother than in a conventional printed circuit board acted assignal traces. However, performance improvement may be achieved by usingsmooth surfaces on other conductors, including ground planes. Theinventors theorize that, because high frequency signals may propagatethrough a printed circuit board as energy concentrated between a signaltrace and a ground plane, a smoother surface on either the signal traceor ground plane or both will increase performance.

To resist delamination or other structural problems from using smoothmaterials (such as rolled copper) to make ground planes, bondingtreatments may be selectively applied. As with signal traces, bondingtreatments may be applied at or near pads or otherwise near holes thatform interconnects between layers of a printed circuit board.Alternatively or additionally, boding treatments may be selectivelyapplied around the perimeter of a printed circuit board or distributedin a pattern across the ground plane.

Alternatively or additionally, other techniques may be used to promotemechanical integrity of the resulting printed circuit board with smoothmaterial is used for ground planes. According to some implementations,one or more holes 630 may be formed in a smooth conductive film (whichmay be patterned or unpatterned). The holes may be formed by mechanicalor laser drilling, etching, or any other suitable process. The holes maybe microscale in size, e.g., having diameters between approximately 5microns and approximately 50 microns. The holes may be distributed on aregular pattern across a conductive film, a random pattern, or may beformed at selected locations. In some embodiments, the holes 630 may beformed in reference planes and/or pads 530. The holes may improveadhesion of layers by allowing resin and/or prepreg material to passthrough the conductive film and form a bond directly with an adjacentinsulating layer. After curing the resin and/or prepreg materials,pillars of insulating material are formed that extend from oneinsulating layer, through an intervening conductive film, and to anadjacent insulating layer. Forming holes through a smooth conductivestructure, such as a ground plane in a printed circuit board, may reduceattenuation of signals propagating through adjacent signal traces, whileensuring the mechanical integrity of the resulting printed circuitboard.

In various embodiments, a printed circuit board 700 (depicted in FIG. 7)having high-speed interconnects 720 formed according to the presentembodiments may be used in the manufacture of consumer electronicdevices. For example, a PCB 700 may include one or more dielectriclayers 705, 707 and one or more circuit elements 760, 770 that areconnected to the PCB. The circuit elements may include one or moreintegrated chips or processors 770 as well as passive elements such asresistors 760. Additional circuit components such as capacitors, diodes,inductors, etc. may also be included with the PCB 700. In someembodiments, a PCB having one or more high-speed interconnects may beused in the manufacture of smartphones, laptops, tablet computers,portable digital assistants, and the like.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes onlyand are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described inany way.

While the present teachings have been described in conjunction withvarious embodiments and examples, it is not intended that the presentteachings be limited to such embodiments or examples. On the contrary,the present teachings encompass various alternatives, modifications, andequivalents, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art.

As one example of a variation, pads are illustrated as annular,conducting structures, but the invention is not limited to any specificshape of a pad. An annular configuration may result from a circularconductive disc on a layer of the printed circuit board through which ahole is drilled. That hole may be plated to interconnect conductingdiscs and/or other conductive structures on other layers through whichthe hole passes. A disc is convenient when drilling a hole because thedrill can be targeted for the center of the circular disc, and even ifthere is some misalignment in any direction, the drill will nonethelesspierce the conductive disc. A disc can have a radius that is as small asthe possible misalignment, allowing a relatively small conductive discto be used in interconnecting layers. When adding a conductive disc to asignal trace to create interconnections, for example, having the addedconductive disc and resulting pad small may be desirable. However, insome embodiments, a small pad may not be necessary or desirable. Forexample, the “pad” may be initially square, polygonal, or oblong,through which a hole may be formed. As another example, when connectinga ground plane to a conducting structure on another layer, it may bedesirable to have an expansive ground plane. Accordingly, a “pad” of aground plane may be a conductive portion of any suitable shape adjacenta hole. In some embodiments, the “pad” may blend into conductingstructures present for other reasons, such as to provide a ground plane.

The claims should not be read as limited to the described order orelements unless stated to that effect. It should be understood thatvarious changes in form and detail may be made by one of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appendedclaims. All embodiments that come within the spirit and scope of thefollowing claims and equivalents thereto are claimed.

What is claimed is:
 1. A printed circuit board comprising: a firstinsulating layer; a second insulating layer; and a conductiveinterconnect comprising a first surface adjacent to the first insulatinglayer and a second surface opposite the first surface and adjacent tothe second insulating layer, wherein at least a first region of thefirst surface exhibits greater adhesion to the first insulating layerthan a second region of the first surface.
 2. The printed circuit boardof claim 1, wherein the first region includes a chemical adhesionpromoter.
 3. The printed circuit board of claim 1, wherein the firstregion includes one or more material depositions between the conductiveinterconnect and the first insulating layer that provide a greateradhesion than the conductive interconnect to a cured form of the firstinsulating layer.
 4. The printed circuit board of claim 1, wherein thefirst region has a first surface roughness greater than a second surfaceroughness of the second region.
 5. The printed circuit board of claim 4,wherein the conductive interconnect is formed from a rolled or rolledannealed metallic foil.
 6. The printed circuit board of claim 5, whereinthe metallic foil comprises copper.
 7. The printed circuit board ofclaim 4, wherein the second region extends across a trace of theconductive interconnect and the first region extends across a padattached to the trace, and wherein a transition between the first regionand the second region occurs at a junction between the trace and the padof the conductive interconnect.
 8. The printed circuit board of claim 7,wherein the transition between the first region and the second regionoccurs within 2 mm of the junction.
 9. The printed circuit board ofclaim 7, wherein the pad comprises a conductive area having a widthgreater than a width of the trace and having a hole in the conductivearea.
 10. The printed circuit board of claim 4, wherein the firstsurface roughness is an average peak-to-peak value measured over thefirst region and the second surface roughness is an average peak-to-peakvalue measured over the second region.
 11. The printed circuit board ofclaim 10, wherein the first region has a lateral dimension between 0.25mm and 1.0 mm and the second region has a lateral dimension between 100microns and 300 microns, and the first surface roughness is at least 25%greater than the second surface roughness.
 12. The printed circuit boardof claim 4, further comprising a conductive reference plane having athird surface adjacent the first insulating layer, wherein the thirdsurface has a third roughness approximately equal to the first surfaceroughness.
 13. The printed circuit board of claim 1, wherein theconductive interconnect supports NRZ data transmission rates between 40Gb/s and 60 Gb/s with less than 25 dB of loss.
 14. The printed circuitboard of claim 1, further comprising reinforcing filling material withinone or each of the first insulating layer and second insulating layer.15. The printed circuit board of claim 14, wherein the reinforcingfilling material is fibrous.
 16. The printed circuit board of claim 14,wherein one or each of the first insulating layer and second insulatinglayer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene,polyimide, polyether ether ketone, epoxy, polyphenylene oxide,polyphenylene ether, cyanate ester, and hydrocarbon or a polyester. 17.The printed circuit board of claim 1, wherein a thickness of one or eachof the first insulating layer and second insulating layer is less than200 microns.
 18. A method of making a printed circuit board, the methodcomprising: patterning, in a conductive film on a laminate, a pluralityof conductive interconnects having a plurality of first surfaces,wherein the conductive film has an average peak-to-peak surfaceroughness between 1.5 microns and 3 microns over the area of aconductive interconnect; and treating at least first portions of thefirst surfaces to increase adhesion of the first portions to aninsulating layer of the printed circuit board.
 19. The method of claim18, wherein the treating comprises applying a chemical adhesion promoterto the first portions.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the treatingcomprises forming at least one material on the first portions thatincreases adhesion of the first portions, compared to untreatedportions, to a cured form of the insulating layer.
 21. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the treating comprises roughening a surface of thefirst portions.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the rougheningcomprises etching, oxidizing, plating, or abrading the first portions.23. The method of claim 18, wherein the first portions comprise circuittraces and untreated portions comprise pads.
 24. The method of claim 18,further comprising forming a mask over second portions of the conductiveinterconnects, wherein the forming comprises patterning a resist tocover approximately all of circuit traces of the conductiveinterconnects and exposing a plurality of pads attached to the circuittraces.
 25. The method of claim 18, wherein untreated portions of theconductive interconnects comprise less than 5% by length of theconductive interconnects.
 26. The method of claim 18, wherein theconductive interconnects comprise a rolled or rolled annealed metallicfoil.
 27. The method of claim 18, wherein the conductive interconnectscomprise copper.
 28. A printed circuit board comprising: an insulatinglayer; a plurality of interconnects formed from a rolled metallic filmthat are adjacent to the insulating layer; and reinforcing fillingmaterial located within the insulating layer that stiffens the printedcircuit board.
 29. The printed circuit board of claim 28, wherein therolled metallic film comprises copper.
 30. The printed circuit board ofclaim 28, wherein: each of the plurality of interconnects includes acircuit trace having a first region; and at least some of the pluralityof interconnects include a second region treated to increase adhesion tothe insulating layer compared to the first region.
 31. The printedcircuit board of claim 30, wherein the first region has a first surfaceroughness that is less than a second surface roughness of the secondregion.
 32. The printed circuit board of claim 30, wherein the secondregion includes a chemical adhesion promoter that is not present in thefirst region.
 33. The printed circuit board of claim 30, wherein thefirst region and the second region include a chemical adhesion promoter.34. The printed circuit board of claim 30, wherein the second regionincludes one or more layers that are not present in the first region andthat increase adhesion of the second region to a cured form of theinsulating layer.
 35. The printed circuit board of claim 30, wherein thefirst region and the second region include one or more layers thatincrease adhesion of the first region and the second region to a curedform of the insulating layer.
 36. The printed circuit board of claim 28,wherein the insulating layer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene,fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyimide, polyether ether ketone,epoxy, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene ether, cyanate ester, andhydrocarbon or a polyester.
 37. The printed circuit board of claim 28,wherein the filling material is fibrous.
 38. The printed circuit boardof claim 28, wherein the filling material comprises fiberglass fibers.39. A laminate for manufacture of a printed circuit structure, thelaminate comprising: an insulating layer; a rolled conductive filmbonded to the insulating layer; and reinforcing filling material withinthe insulating layer.
 40. The laminate of claim 39, wherein the rolledconductive film comprises rolled annealed copper.
 41. The laminate ofclaim 39, wherein the insulating layer comprisespolytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyimide,polyether ether ketone, epoxy, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene ether,cyanate ester, and hydrocarbon or a polyester.
 42. The laminate of claim39, wherein the filing material is fibrous.
 43. The laminate of claim39, wherein the filling material comprises fiberglass fibers.
 44. Ahigh-speed circuit comprising: a printed circuit board having conductiveelements formed from a conductive film at a first level of the printedcircuit board; a first insulating layer adjacent to first surfaces ofthe conductive elements; a second insulating layer adjacent to secondsurfaces of the conductive elements and opposite the first surfaces; andfirst treated surface regions distributed across the first surfaces ofthe conductive elements, wherein the first treated surface regionsexhibit increased adhesion to the first insulating layer compared tountreated regions of the first surfaces.
 45. The high-speed circuit ofclaim 44, wherein the first treated surface regions include a chemicaladhesion promoter that is not present at the untreated regions.
 46. Thehigh-speed circuit of claim 44, wherein the first treated surfaceregions include one or more material depositions that improve adhesionof the first treated surface regions to a cured form of the firstinsulating layer, wherein the one or more material depositions are notpresent at the untreated regions.
 47. The high-speed circuit of claim44, wherein the first treated surface regions include one or more holespassing through the conductive film and filled with insulating material.48. The high-speed circuit of claim 44, wherein the first treatedsurface regions have a first surface roughness that is greater than asecond surface roughness of the untreated regions of the first surfaces.49. The high-speed circuit of claim 48, wherein the second surfaceroughness that is less than the first surface roughness by at least 25%.50. The high-speed circuit of claim 48, wherein the first surfaceroughness is an average peak-to-peak value measured at any of the firstsurface regions and the second surface roughness is an averagepeak-to-peak value measured at any of the untreated regions.
 51. Thehigh-speed circuit of claim 44, wherein the conductive elements includecircuit traces and the untreated regions cover a majority of the circuittraces.
 52. The high-speed circuit of claim 44, wherein the conductiveelements are formed of rolled or rolled annealed copper foil.
 53. Thehigh-speed circuit of claim 44, wherein one or each of the firstinsulating layer and second insulating layer comprisespolytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyimide,polyether ether ketone, epoxy, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene ether,cyanate ester, and hydrocarbon or a polyester.
 54. The high-speedcircuit of claim 44, wherein one or each of the first insulating layerand second insulating layer has a dielectric constant less than 3.5 anda dissipation factor less than 0.002 at applied frequencies between 2GHz and 10 GHz.
 55. The high-speed circuit of claim 44, wherein one oreach of the first insulating layer and second insulating layer has adielectric constant less than 4.0 and a dissipation factor less than0.0035 at applied frequencies between 1 GHz and 12 GHz.
 56. Thehigh-speed circuit of claim 44, further comprising a digital electronicchip connected to a conductive interconnect of the plurality ofconductive elements.
 57. The high-speed circuit of claim 56, wherein theconductive interconnect supports NRZ data transmission rates up to 60Gb/s.
 58. The high-speed circuit of claim 57 connected to a processor ofa data processing device.
 59. The high-speed circuit of claim 58,wherein the data processing device is a smart phone, a computer, apersonal digital assistant, or a video recording device.
 60. Thehigh-speed circuit of claim 44, wherein the conductive elements comprisea ground or other potential reference plane at the first level.
 61. Thehigh-speed circuit of claim 60, wherein the ground or other potentialreference plane is untreated.
 62. A printed circuit board comprising: aninsulating matrix; a plurality of conductive layers embedded in theinsulating matrix, with a first portion of the plurality of conductivelayers comprising routing layers with signal traces and a second portionof the plurality of conductive layers comprising reference planes,wherein the reference planes on at least the second portion of theplurality of conductive layers comprise: surfaces with an averagepeak-to-peak roughness of 1 micron or less; and bonding regions adaptedto secure the reference planes within the insulating matrix.
 63. Theprinted circuit board of claim 62, wherein the reference planes compriserolled copper.
 64. The printed circuit board of claim 62, wherein thebonding regions comprise holes through the reference planes.
 65. Theprinted circuit board of claim 62, wherein the bonding regions compriseregions with an average peak-to-peak surface roughness greater than 1micron.